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Federal Parliament of India — Sansad Bhavan Triangular Architecture, Tripartite Article 79 Structure, and Lawmaking Bill Journey NEW SANSAD BHAVAN Triangular Democracy Apex ARTICLE 79 PARLIAMENT 1. President of India 2. Rajya Sabha (245) 3. Lok Sabha (543) Part V Articles 79 to 122 TRIPARTITE ARCHITECTURE Three Pillars, One Roof BILL INTRODUCED 2 HOUSES PASS PRESIDENT ASSENT ➔ ACT! LAWMAKING JOURNEY Article 108 Joint Sittings FEDERAL PARLIAMENT MASTERCLASS: PART V ARTICLES 79 TO 122 EXPLAINED

The Engine Room of Indian Democracy: Unpacking the Federal Parliament Under the Constitution

Polity GK • Constitutional Law 21 min read Updated: July 23, 2026

🏛️ Key Takeaways

Art 79 to 122
Part V Parliament Domain
543 vs 245
Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha Seats
Art 108
Joint Sitting Deadlock Tool
7th Schedule
3 Legislative Lists (Art 246)

Table of Contents

  1. Part 1: What Does "Federal Parliament" Actually Mean? (Union of States & Westminster Model)
  2. Part 2: The Tripartite Structure under Article 79 (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)
  3. Part 3: Comparative Snapshot (Lok Sabha vs. Rajya Sabha Side-by-Side)
  4. Part 4: How a Bill Becomes Law (5-Stage Journey & Article 108 Joint Sittings)
  5. Part 5: The Division of Powers (Seventh Schedule & Article 246 Lists)
  6. Part 6: Real-World Functions (Question Hour, Zero Hour, No-Confidence, Art 368 Amendments)
  7. Part 7: The Living Federal Design (Delimitation & New Sansad Bhavan)
  8. Exam-Oriented Quick Revision Points
  9. Frequently Asked Questions

Part 1: What Does "Federal Parliament" Actually Mean?

India is a "Union of States" (Article 1). Power is divided between the Centre and the individual States. The Parliamentary system (Westminster model) requires the Executive (PM & Cabinet) to be drawn directly from the Legislature and remain accountable to it.

Articles 79 to 122 in Part V of the Constitution govern parliamentary operations, proceedings, and legislative procedures.

Part 2: The Tripartite Structure under Article 79

Pillar I: The President of India

Although the President doesn't sit in legislative debates, no Bill passed by Parliament can become an Act without the President's explicit assent. The President summons, prorogues, and dissolves Parliament, and issues temporary Ordinances under Article 123 when Parliament is not in session.

Pillar II: Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Pillar III: Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Part 3: Comparative Snapshot

FeatureLok Sabha (Lower House)Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
Primary FocusNational populationFederal States & UTs
Electoral SystemDirect general election (FPTP)Indirect election by State MLAs
PermanenceTemporary (Dissolved every 5 yrs)Permanent (1/3rd retires every 2 yrs)
Financial PowerAbsolute over Money BillsLimited (14-day recommendation only)
Executive ControlCan pass No-Confidence MotionCan debate, but cannot dissolve Cabinet
Presiding OfficerSpeaker (Elected by MPs)Chairman (Vice-President of India)

Part 4: How a Bill Becomes Law

  1. First Reading: Introduction of the Bill and reading of title.
  2. Second Reading: General debate, committee clause-by-clause evaluation, amendments voted on.
  3. Third Reading: Final debate and voting to accept or reject.
  4. Second House Stage: Repeat of 3 readings in second chamber.
  5. Presidential Assent: President signs ➔ Bill becomes an Act!
Joint Sitting (Article 108): Summoned by the President during deadlocks on ordinary bills lasting >6 months. Presided over by the Lok Sabha Speaker. Lok Sabha's larger numerical strength (543 vs 245) usually determines the vote.

Part 5: The Division of Powers (Seventh Schedule)

Legislative ListSubjects & DomainAuthority
1. Union List~100 subjects (Defense, Foreign Affairs, Banking, Railways)Union Parliament Exclusive
2. State List~61 subjects (Police, Public Health, Agriculture, Sanitation)State Legislative Assemblies
3. Concurrent List~52 subjects (Education, Forests, Marriage, Criminal Law)Both (Union law prevails in conflict)

Part 6: Real-World Functions of Parliament

Exam-Oriented Quick Revision Points

Frequently Asked Questions

What constitutes the Parliament of India under Article 79?

Under Article 79 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament consists of three distinct components: (1) The President of India, (2) The Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and (3) The Lok Sabha (House of the People).

Why is the President considered a component of Parliament?

Although the President does not sit in legislative debates, no Bill passed by both Houses can become an Act without the President's explicit assent. The President also summons, prorogues, and dissolves Parliament, and issues Ordinances (Article 123).

What are the key differences between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?

Lok Sabha (543 members, 5-yr term, direct election) represents the general population, holds absolute control over Money Bills, and can pass a No-Confidence Motion. Rajya Sabha (245 members, permanent body with 1/3rd retiring every 2 yrs, indirect election by State MLAs) represents federating States and acts as a sober cooling chamber.

What happens during a legislative deadlock between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?

If a deadlock over an ordinary bill persists for over 6 months, the President can summon a Joint Sitting of both Houses under Article 108, presided over by the Lok Sabha Speaker. The Lok Sabha's larger numerical strength usually determines the outcome.

What are the three legislative lists in the Seventh Schedule (Article 246)?

The Seventh Schedule divides powers into: (1) Union List (~100 subjects like defense, foreign affairs - exclusive Parliament domain), (2) State List (~61 subjects like police, public health - State Assemblies), and (3) Concurrent List (~52 subjects like education, forests - shared, with Union law prevailing in conflicts).

What is the difference between Question Hour and Zero Hour?

Question Hour is the formal first hour of a parliamentary sitting where MPs grill ministers on starred/unstarred questions. Zero Hour is an informal Indian procedural innovation starting immediately after Question Hour, allowing MPs to raise urgent public issues without prior notice.

How many members does the President nominate to the Rajya Sabha?

The President nominates 12 distinguished individuals to the Rajya Sabha from fields such as literature, science, art, and social service.

What is a No-Confidence Motion in Parliament?

A No-Confidence Motion can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority of members present and voting, the entire Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister must resign immediately.

What are Laurasia and Gondwanaland?

When the supercontinent Pangea split during the Mesozoic era, it divided into two smaller supercontinents: Laurasia in the Northern Hemisphere (consisting of North America, Europe, and Asia) and Gondwanaland in the Southern Hemisphere (consisting of South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica).

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Kanchenjunga five treasures, Karakoram black gravel Turkic scree, Purvanchal Meghalaya abode of clouds, Garo Khasi Jaintia, Sohra land of oranges), Sacred Lifelines (Ganga Gam swift flow Bhagirathi Shiva matted locks, Yamuna twin sister, Brahmaputra son of creator masculine river Tsangpo purifier Luit red silt, Indus Sindhu ocean water to Hindu to Indos to India, Punjab Panj-Aab five rivers), Ancient Heart (Aravalli line of peaks 1.8B yr fold mountains, Deccan Dakshina south basaltic lava Regur black soil, Vindhya obstruct Agastya, Satpura seven folds), Sentinel Coasts (Sahyadri benevolent mountain Western Ghats, Konkan Parashurama arrow, Malabar Mala-Bar spice coast, Coromandel Chola-mandalam, Utkal art land), Sand Swamps & Islands (Thar Thul sand dunes, Rann of Kutch Irina salt marsh, Sundarbans Sundari mangrove trees, Lakshadweep Laksha-Dweep 100k islands, Andaman Handuman, Nicobar Nakkavaram), Famous Epithets Table Capitals of India Guide 🏙️Administrative geography of India, 28 States & 8 UTs, Northern Powerhouses (New Delhi NCT, Chandigarh shared UT, Shimla/Dharamshala HP, Dehradun/Gairsain UK, Srinagar/Jammu J&K, Leh Ladakh), Royal West & Heartland (Jaipur Rajasthan Pink City, Gandhinagar Gujarat, Mumbai/Nagpur MH, Panaji Goa, Bhopal MP, Raipur CG), Eastern & Seven Sisters (Kolkata WB, Bhubaneswar Odisha, Patna Bihar, Ranchi JH, Dispur Assam, Itanagar AP, Shillong Meghalaya, Aizawl Mizoram, Kohima Nagaland, Imphal Manipur, Agartala Tripura, Gangtok Sikkim), Southern Tech & Empires (Bengaluru KA, Chennai TN, Hyderabad Telangana, Amaravati AP, Thiruvananthapuram KL), Island & Coastal UTs (Port Blair A&N, Kavaratti Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Daman DNH&DD), Master 36 Capitals Cheat Sheet Indigenous Tribes of India Guide 🌿Cultural anthropology of India, 104.3M Adivasi population (8.6%), 705+ Scheduled Tribes, 75 PVTGs, Four Geographic Belts (Central Santhal/Gond/Munda, Western Bhil/Warli, Northeast Khasi/Garo/Naga, Southern Toda/Sentinelese), Animism & Sarna sacred groves, Living Root Bridges (Jingkieng Jri), Art (Warli rice paste, Gond dots/lines, Bhil dots, Saura Ikons), Five Spotlight Communities (Santhal Manjhi democracy & 1855 Hool, Gond bards & Rani Durgavati, Toda Nilgiri buffalo dairies & Pukhoor embroidery GI tag, Khasi matrilineal lineage, Sentinelese uncontacted isolation), Festivals (Sarhul, Karma, Hornbill, Cheraw), Instruments (Madal, Banam, Tarpa), PM-JANMAN & Forest Rights Act 2006 Constitution of India Guide 📜Polity & Constitutional history of India, Part 1 Chains of Commerce (EIC Regulating Act 1773, Pitt's India Act 1784, Charter Act 1833 Lord William Bentinck, Govt of India Act 1858 Crown takeover), Part 2 Spark & Crown (1857 Revolt, Tilak Swaraj quote, Indian Councils Acts 1861 & 1892, Morley-Minto 1909 Separate Electorates, Montagu-Chelmsford 1919 Provincial Dyarchy Reserved vs Transferred lists), Part 3 Blueprints for Freedom (Simon Commission 1927, Birkenhead challenge, Motilal Nehru Report 1928 adult franchise & rights draft, Govt of India Act 1935 provincial autonomy & Federal Court 50% framework adaptation), Part 4 Crucible of Creation (Constituent Assembly Dec 9 1946, 2 yrs 11 months 18 days, 146,385 words, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Drafting Committee Chair, Dr. Rajendra Prasad President, Jawaharlal Nehru Objectives Resolution, Sardar Patel 565 Princely States integration, B.N. Rau research across 60 constitutions, 15 women leaders including Amrit Kaur, Hansa Mehta, Dakshayani Velayudhan, 7,653 amendments proposed & 2,473 debated, borrowed features table UK US Ireland France Canada Australia Germany USSR South Africa), Part 5 Living Document (Adoption Nov 26 1949, Enforcement Jan 26 1950 Purna Swaraj connection, Prem Behari Narain Raizada calligraphy & Nandalal Bose artwork, Preamble Justice Liberty Equality Fraternity, 395 Articles & 8 Schedules in 1950 vs ~448 Articles & 12 Schedules today, Dr. Ambedkar's warning on social inequality, Kesavananda Bharati Basic Structure Doctrine) Constituent Assembly Guide 🏛️Human story of India's Constituent Assembly, Part 1 Crucible of 1946 (M.N. Roy 1934 demand, INC 1935 adoption, Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 elections, 292 British provinces + 93 Princely States + 4 Chief Commissioners, Muslim League boycott, Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha temporary chair, timeline Dec 9 1946 to Jan 26 1950), Part 2 Architects (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Drafting Committee Chair solitary titan, Jawaharlal Nehru Objectives Resolution, Sardar Patel 565 Princely States integrator, Sir B.N. Rau unsung constitutional advisor, Dr. Rajendra Prasad President, Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar, K.M. Munshi), Part 3 15 Women Leaders (Hansa Mehta universal gender equality, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur health & UCC, Begum Aizaz Rasul opposing separate electorates, Durgabai Deshmukh, Ammu Swaminathan), Part 4 Debates (Clash 1 Language Firestorm Dhulekar vs T.T. Krishnamachari & Munshi-Ayyangar formula, Clash 2 Universal Adult Suffrage gamble Article 326, Clash 3 Fundamental Rights Part III vs Directive Principles Part IV, Clash 4 Strong Center vs State Autonomy Hanumanthaiya vs Ambedkar), Part 5 Copy-Paste Myth (Ambedkar's 1948 speech, synthesis & adaptation of UK US Ireland Canada Australia Germany), Part 6 Hands That Wrote Freedom (Prem Behari Narain Raizada italic calligraphy, 303 nibs, 251 parchment pages, 6 months without fee, Nandalal Bose & Shantiniketan artwork depicting 4000 yrs history), Part 7 Final Act & Prophetic Warnings (Nov 26 1949 adoption, Ambedkar's speech on grammar of anarchy, bhakti hero-worship & social inequality, Jan 24 1950 signing by 284 members with light drizzle, Jan 26 1950 Republic Day), Part 8 Modern Impact (Article 19, Article 21 privacy & dignity, Article 326 voting rights) Preamble of the Constitution Guide ⚖️Constitutional philosophy & legal evolution of the Preamble, Part 1 Opening Spark 'We The People of India' (popular sovereignty derived from citizens), Part 2 5 Pillars of the Republic (Sovereign external/internal independence, Socialist democratic socialism 42nd Amendment 1976, Secular Sarva Dharma Sambhava vs Western model, Democratic universal suffrage, Republic elected Head of State), Part 3 4 Grand Objectives (Justice social economic political, Liberty 5 dimensions thought expression belief faith worship, Equality status Art 17/18 & opportunity Art 16, Fraternity dignity & unity/integrity Ambedkar's triadic union), Part 4 Historic Journey (Jawaharlal Nehru Objectives Resolution Dec 13 1946, Jan 22 1947 adoption, Nov 26 1949 Assembly adoption, 42nd Amendment Act 1976 adding Socialist Secular Integrity), Part 5 Judicial Battles & Legal Status (Berubari Union 1960 vs Kesavananda Bharati 1973 13-judge bench, Basic Structure Doctrine, non-justiciable yet integral part), Part 6 Modern Relevance & Complete Verbatim Preamble Text Sources of the Constitution Guide 🌐Foreign sources & global inspirations, Master Blueprint GOI Act 1935 (~60% administrative DNA baseline), UK (Parliamentary system, Rule of Law Art 14, Single Citizenship, Writs), US (Fundamental Rights Part III, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Preamble), Ireland (DPSP Part IV, Presidential electoral college, 12 RS nominations), Canada (Strong Centre quasi-federalism, Residuary powers Art 248, State Governors), Australia (Concurrent list, Interstate trade Art 301-307, Joint sitting Art 108), France (Republic status, Liberty Equality Fraternity), USSR (Fundamental Duties Art 51A, socio-economic-political justice), Weimar Germany (Emergency Art 359 & 44th Amendment 1978 Articles 20/21 safeguard), South Africa (Amendment Art 368, RS elections), Japan (Procedure established by law Art 21 & Maneka Gandhi 1978 due process expansion), Ambedkar's defense of constitutional borrowing 12 Schedules of the Constitution Guide 📋Operational blueprints & appendices, Master cheat-sheet table with linked Articles, deep-dive of original 8 Schedules (1st States/UTs boundaries, 2nd Emoluments, 3rd Oaths, 4th Rajya Sabha seats, 5th Scheduled Areas, 6th AMTM Tribal Councils, 7th Triple List federal balance, 8th 22 recognized languages evolution), 4 added Schedules (9th Land Reforms 1st Amendment 1951 & I.R. Coelho 2007, 10th Anti-Defection 52nd Amendment 1985, 11th Panchayats 29 subjects 73rd Amendment 1992, 12th Municipalities 18 subjects 74th Amendment 1992), TEARS OF OLD POPE mnemonic Integration of Princely States Guide 👑Unification of 565 Kingdoms, Part 1 Patchwork Quilt of 1947 (40% land area, 23% population, threats of Balkanization in Travancore, Hyderabad, Bhopal), Part 2 Dynamic Duo (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Iron Man of India & V.P. Menon Constitutional Advisor), Part 3 Carrot and Stick Strategy (Instrument of Accession surrendering Defence, Foreign Affairs, Communications + Privy Purses pensions), Part 4 5 High-Stakes Accession Stories (Jodhpur pen gun standoff, Junagadh trade blockade & 99.95% plebiscite, Hyderabad Operation Polo 108 hours police action against Razakars, Kashmir Hari Singh Oct 26 1947 airlift, Manipur 1949 Shillong merger), Part 5 4-Stage Consolidation (Initial accession, Covenants of Merger, Part B States, States Reorganisation 1956, 26th Amendment 1971 Privy Purse abolition), Part 6 Comparison Matrix of Major Accessions The Union and Its Territories Guide 🗺️Part I Articles 1 to 4 & Map Evolution, Part 1 Why 'Union of States' and Not Federation (Dr. Ambedkar's rationale & Indestructible Union of Destructible States), Part 2 Territorial Toolkit (Article 1 Name/Domain, Article 2 External Admission, Article 3 Internal Reorganisation & Presidential reference process, Article 4 Simple majority exemption), Part 3 1950 Four-Tier Classification (Part A, B, C, D), Part 4 Linguistic Revolution (Dhar Commission, JVP Committee, Potti Sreeramulu's 56-day fast 1952, Fazl Ali Commission, States Reorganisation Act 1956 14 States & 6 UTs), Part 5 Timeline of Post-1956 Evolution (1960 Bombay split, 1963 Nagaland, 1966 Punjab, 1972 Northeast, 1975 Sikkim 36th Amendment, 1987 Goa, 2000 Big Three, 2014 Telangana, 2019 J&K, 2020 UT Mergers), Part 6 Supreme Court Landmarks (Berubari Union 1960 & Boundary Settlement 1969), Part 7 States vs Union Territories Comparison Matrix History of States Reorganisation Guide 🗺️5 Waves of internal map restructuring, Part 1 1950 Band-Aid (Part A, B, C, D classification), Part 2 Spark in Madras (Potti Sreeramulu's 56-day fast 1952 & 1953 Andhra State creation), Part 3 1956 SRC Earthquake (Fazl Ali, Panikkar, Kunzru Commission, States Reorganisation Act 1956, 14 States & 6 UTs), Part 4 Wave Two Splitting Bicultural Giants (1960 Bombay split into Maharashtra/Gujarat & 1966 Punjab split into Punjab/Haryana/Chandigarh), Part 5 Wave Three Northeast Ethnic Identity (1963 Nagaland, 1972 Meghalaya/Manipur/Tripura, 1987 Mizoram/Arunachal), Part 6 Wave Four 2000 Administrative Trio (Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand), Part 7 Wave Five Modern Shifts (2014 Telangana & 2019 J&K Reorganisation Act), Part 8 Article 3 Mechanism & Future Demands (Vidarbha, Bodoland, Gorkhaland, Bundelkhand) Indian Citizenship Guide 🇮🇳Identity, Belonging & Law, Part 1 Historical Tapestry (Part II Articles 5 to 11 snapshot at 1950 commencement & Article 11 parliamentary mandate), Part 2 5 Pathways to Citizenship (Birth jus soli evolution, Descent jus sanguinis, Registration, Naturalization 11-year stay, Territory incorporation), Part 3 Summary Table of Acquisition Pathways, Part 4 3 Modes of Losing Citizenship (Renunciation & minor reversion clause, Termination by operation of law, Deprivation grounds), Part 5 Single Citizenship vs OCI Scheme (No dual passports under Section 9 & OCI rights/restrictions), Part 6 Constitutional Rights (Exclusive citizens rights Art 15, 16, 19, 29, 30 vs All Persons rights Art 14, 21, 25), Part 7 Modern Debates (Assam Accord Section 6A March 25 1971 cutoff & Citizenship Amendment Act CAA 2019), Part 8 Step-by-Step Online Application Guide, Part 9 Frequently Asked Questions Fundamental Rights Guide ⚖️Part III Articles 12 to 35 & 5 Writs, Part 1 Magna Carta Backstory (1946 Constituent Assembly, justiciable nature, Supreme Court direct access), Part 2 Rules of Engagement (Article 12 State definition & Article 13 Judicial Review kill switch, severability, eclipse), Part 3 6 Core Pillars of Freedom (Right to Equality Arts 14-18, Right to Freedom Arts 19-22 including 6 freedoms & Art 21 expansions, Right Against Exploitation Arts 23-24, Freedom of Religion Arts 25-28, Cultural & Educational Rights Arts 29-30, Constitutional Remedies Art 32 & 5 Writs), Part 4 Are Fundamental Rights Absolute? (Reasonable restrictions & Art 20/21 non-suspendability during emergency), Part 5 Outlier Articles 33, 34, 35, Part 6 Everyday Real-World Impact Matrix DPSP Guide 🏛️Part IV Articles 36 to 51 & Welfare State Blueprint, Part 1 What Are DPSPs (Irish inspiration, Ambedkar's Novel Features, Granville Austin's Conscience of the Constitution & FRs vs DPSP comparison), Part 2 Why Non-Justiciable (1948 financial & administrative reality & Court of Public Opinion), Part 3 3 Ideological Pillars (Socialistic Articles 38,39,39A,41,42,43,43A,47; Gandhian Articles 40,43,43B,46,47,48; Liberal-Intellectual Articles 44,45,48,48A,49,50,51), Part 4 Real-World Impact Table (MGNREGA, 73rd Amendment, NALSA, Maternity Act, RTE), Part 5 Great Constitutional Clash & Minerva Mills 1980 (Harmonious Construction Doctrine), Part 6 Contemporary Debates (UCC Art 44, Prohibition Art 47, Environment Art 48A) Fundamental Duties Guide 🇮🇳Part IV-A Article 51A (11 Duties), Part 1 Backstory (Swaran Singh Committee 1976, 42nd Amendment 1976 10 duties inspired by USSR, 86th Amendment 2002 11th duty), Part 2 Unpacking 11 Duties (sub-clauses a to k in plain English), Part 3 Quick Reference Summary Table, Part 4 Legal Enforceability & Backing Acts (Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971, Wildlife Protection Act 1972, AIIMS 2002 SC ruling), Part 5 Great Debate & Omitted Duties (Taxation & Voting), Part 6 Modern Digital Age Relevance (Scientific temper 51A h against fake news, Brotherhood 51A e), Part 7 Everyday Actionable Checklist Union Executive Guide 🏛️Part V Articles 52 to 78, Part 1 What is Federal Executive (Westminster hybrid, nominal vs real executive), Part 2 Quick Key Articles Guide (Art 52-78), Part 3 President of India (Electoral College Art 54-55, Art 72 pardoning, Art 74 aid/advice 44th Amendment check, suspensive/pocket veto, Art 61 impeachment), Part 4 Vice-President (Art 63, ex-officio RS Chairman Art 64 & acting President Art 65), Part 5 Prime Minister (Art 75 appointment & Art 78 duty to inform), Part 6 Council of Ministers vs Cabinet (Art 75(3) collective responsibility & 15% cap rule 91st Amendment), Part 7 Attorney General for India (Art 76 appointment & Art 88 parliamentary speech rights without voting), Part 8 Real vs Nominal Power in Practice Union Parliament Guide 🏛️Part V Articles 79 to 122 & 7th Schedule, Part 1 What is Federal Parliament (Union of States & Westminster model), Part 2 Tripartite Structure under Article 79 (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha), Part 3 Comparative Snapshot Table (Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha), Part 4 How a Bill Becomes Law (5-stage journey & Article 108 Joint Sittings), Part 5 Division of Powers (Seventh Schedule Union, State & Concurrent Lists), Part 6 Real-World Functions (Question Hour, Zero Hour, No-Confidence, Article 368 Amendments), Part 7 Living Federal Design & Delimitation

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